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Małgorzata Stachurka, Jeszcze raz o „Borysie Godunowie” Aleksandra Puszkina, „Acta Polono-Ruthenica” XI, 2006, s. 39-47.

Tzw. „małe tragedie” Puszkina – powst. jesienią 1830 r. w Bołdinie.

Puszkin zorientował się, że jego utwory dramatyczne nie mogą się pojawić na deskach teatralnych; zaczął poszukiwać możliwości tworzenia literatury przeznaczonej do prezentacji scenicznej.

Powstał nowy gatunek, który nie miał jeszcze nazwy – nieduże etiudy dramatyczne ukazujące los człowieka na tle różnych epok i charakterów narodowych (spotkanie prawosławnego chrześcijaństwa, francuskiego typu katolicyzmu, religii Wschodu, angielskiego typu mistyki masońskiej.

Pierwszym dziełem, które stanowiło preludium do dalszej istotnej twórczości dramatycznej, był Borys Godunow, nazwany przez Puszkina tragedią romantyczną. Pracując nad tym utworem, Puszkin analizował systemy teatralne Europy Zachodniej, studiował krytykę klasycyzmu i nową teorię dramatu romantycznego, pilnie studiował publikacje na temat dramatu i teatru.

Zdecydował się:

·         zrezygnować z zasady trzech jedności, zastosował tylko jedność akcji,

·         zrezygnować z tradycyjnego podziału na 5 aktów,

·         naruszyć czystość gatunku (sceny tragiczne łączył z tymi,
w których występowali ludzie prości i ordynarni, a także ze scenami komicznymi),

·         w sposób nowatorski przedstawiać postacie, ich charaktery i osobowości,

·         tradycyjny wiersz aleksandryjski zastąpić białym 5-stopniowym jambem,

·         zindywidualizować strukturę językową utworu,

·         połączyć wiersz z prozą.

Nie zdecydował się na:

·         metaforykę języka stosowaną u Szekspira,

·         stosowanie elementów fantastyki.

Od dzieł Szekspira odróżnia go też lakonizm, krótkość scen, sposób wypowiadania się bohaterów.

Niejednoznaczność związków Puszkina z Polską.

·         przepych, rozmach

·         gościnność

·         dyskusje przy gorzałce

Puszkin zdawał też sobie sprawę z istotnego wkładu narodu polskiego w tradycję
i kulturę europejską.

Kult Kościuszki – polskiego bohatera narodowego – symbol ukochania wolności
i narodowej dumy narodowej Polaków.

Autor opracowania Borysa Godunowa – Leon Gomolicki

Ważne postacie utworu:

·         Samozwaniec

·         Kurbski

·         syn Kurbskiego

·         szlachcic Sobański

·         Puszkin – prawdop. alter ego jakiegoś przodka pisarza

·         Maryna Mniszech (pierwowzorem była prawdop. Karolina Sobańska)

·         Piotr Łukicz Chruszczow

Przeciwstawienia:

·         tyrańska władza ßà „niemy lud”

·         dwie różne kultury narodowe

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